tugas uas TI

PRONUNCIATION

By : Anisa Mardiyah R.

What is Pronunciation ?
Pronunciation refers to the ability to use the correct stress, rhythm, and intonation of a word in a spoken language. A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the area in which they grew up, the area in which they now live, if they have a speech or voice disorder, their ethnic group, their social class, or their education.

Vowels

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as an English ah! [ɑː] or oh! [oʊ], pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! [ʃː], where there is a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract. A vowel is also understood to be syllabic: an equivalent open but non-syllabic sound is called a semivowel

Respelling symbol(s)	Example	Symbol	Notes
a	trap	/æ/	Australian /æ/ or /æː/	Scottish /a/
ah	palm	/ɑː/
air	square	/ɛər/
ar	start	/ɑr/	Scottish /ar/
arr	marry	/ær/
aw	thought	/ɔː/	American /ɔ/, /ɒ/, or /ɑ/
ay	face	/eɪ/
ə	about	/ə/ or /ɨ/	Unstressed neutral vowel. (Sometimes i may be used for /ɨ/.)
ər	letter	/ər/ or /ɚ/	Unstressed neutral rhotic vowel
e	dress	/ɛ/
ee	fleece	/iː/ or /i/	also the second vowel of city
eer	near	/ɪər/
err	merry	/ɛr/
ew	ewe, dew	/juː/	American /u/ or /ju/
ewr	cure	/jʊər/
eye	item	/aɪ/	Spelled -y after a consonant. The same vowel as the price example below
i	kit	/ɪ/
irr	mirror	/ɪr/
o	lot	/ɒ/	-o- by itself may be /ɵ/
oh	goat	/oʊ/
oo	food	/uː/	Scottish /ʉ/
oor	poor	/ʊər/
or or ohr	force or wore	/ɔər/	Australian /oː(ɹ)/
or or awr	north or war	/ɔr/		Scottish /ɔr/
orr	orange	/ɒr/
ow	mouth	/aʊ/
owr	hour	/aʊər/
oy	choice	/ɔɪ/
u	strut	/ʌ/
ur	nurse	/ɜr/ or /ɝː/	American /ɜɹ, ɝ/	Scottish /ʌr, ɛr, ɪr/
urr	hurry	/ʌr/
uu	foot	/ʊ/	Scottish /ʉ/
y	price, dye	/aɪ/	with a consonant, otherwise spelled eye. American /aɪ/ or /ʌɪ/
yr	fire	/aɪər/

 Diphthongs

Diphthongs are typically specified with a non-syllabic diacritic, as in ⟨aɪ̯⟩. However, sometimes a tie bar is used, especially if it is difficult to tell if the vowel is characterized by an on-glide or an off-glide: ⟨a͡ɪ⟩ or ⟨o͜e⟩.

Notes

• ⟨a⟩ officially represents a front vowel, but there is little distinction between front and central open vowels, and ⟨a⟩ is frequently used for an open central vowel. However, if disambiguation is required, the retraction diacritic or the centralized diacritic may be added to indicate an open central vowel, as in ⟨a̠⟩ or ⟨ä⟩.

Consonants

The transcription of English consonants in IPA is not subject to any disagreement. Everyone agrees that we give the symbols /p, t, k, b, d, f, v, s, z, m, n, r, l, w, h/ their usual values as in ordinary spelling. The remainder are as shown in the box.

Respelling symbol	Example	Symbol(s)	Notes
b	but, web	/b/
ch	church, nature	/tʃ/
d	do, odd	/d/
dh	this, father, breathe	/ð/	This sound is similar to th /θ/, but voiced.
f	fool, enough, leaf	/f/
g or gh	go, beg, ghee	/ɡ/	Not as in gem or gin, which is j /dʒ/. For legibility, ghee is used instead of gee in a few articles.
h	ham, ahead	/h/
j	gin, joy, edge	/dʒ/
k	cat, kiss, skin, quick	/k/
kh	chutzpah, loch	/x/	Pronounced like h (at the beginning of a syllable) or k (at the end of a syllable) by many speakers
l	left, bell	/l/
m	man, ham	/m/
n	no, tin	/n/
ng	ring, singer, sink	/ŋ/	Not the sound in finger, which is ng-g /ŋɡ/.
ng-g	finger	/ŋɡ/
p	pen, spin, tip	/p/
r	run, very	/r/
s or ss	see, city, pass	/s/	Not as in rose, which is z /z/. Use ss in positions where single s is normally /z/ in English, such as the end of a word after a vowel or a voiced consonant: for example, transliterate "ice" as eyess, not eyes and "tense" as tenss, not tens.
sh	she, sure, emotion, leash	/ʃ/
t	two, sting, bet	/t/
th	thing, teeth	/θ/
v	voice, have	/v/
w	we, quick	/w/
wh	what	/hw/	In many dialects, people substitute w for this sound.
y	yes	/j/
z	zoo, rose, lens	/z/
zh	pleasure, vision, beige	/ʒ/	Some speakers may substitute j /dʒ/ for this sound at the beginning of a word, except in proper names such as Zsa Zsa.

Stress

Likewise, there is no disagreement among IPA users about the symbols for word stress (although there may well be disagreement about the analysis of secondary stress). Primary stress is shown by the mark ', placed before the syllable concerned. (Compare the older, non-IPA, dictionary tradition, where it was shown by the mark ´ after the syllable.) Secondary stress, if shown at all, is indicated by a similar mark below the line.